Binary Tree  (Types of Binary Tree)

 In this post, common types of binary is discussed.

Following are common types of Binary Trees.

Full Binary Tree A Binary Tree is full if every node has 0 or 2 children. Following are examples of full binary tree. We can also say a full binary tree is a binary tree in which all nodes except leaves have two children.

               18
           /       \  
         15         30  
        /  \        /  \
      40    50    100   40

             18
           /    \   
         15     20    
        /  \       
      40    50   
    /   \
   30   50

               18
            /     \  
          40       30  
                   /  \
                 100   40

In a Full Binary, number of leaf nodes is number of internal nodes plus 1
       L = I + 1
Where L = Number of leaf nodes, I = Number of internal nodes

Complete Binary Tree: A Binary Tree is complete Binary Tree if all levels are completely filled except possibly the last level and the last level has all keys as left as possible

Following are examples of Complete Binary Trees

               18
           /       \  
         15         30  
        /  \        /  \
      40    50    100   40


               18
           /       \  
         15         30  
        /  \        /  \
      40    50    100   40
     /  \   /
    8   7  9 

Practical example of Complete Binary Tree is Binary Heap.

Perfect Binary Tree A Binary tree is Perfect Binary Tree in which all internal nodes have two children and all leaves are at same level.
Following are examples of Perfect Binaryr Trees.

               18
           /       \  
         15         30  
        /  \        /  \
      40    50    100   40


               18
           /       \  
         15         30  

A Perfect Binary Tree of height h (where height is number of nodes on path from root to leaf) has 2h – 1 node.

Example of Perfect binary tree is ancestors in family. Keep a person at root, parents as children, parents of parents as their children.

Balanced Binary Tree
A binary tree is balanced if height of the tree is O(Log n) where n is number of nodes. For Example, AVL tree maintain O(Log n) height by making sure that the difference between heights of left and right subtrees is 1. Red-Black trees maintain O(Log n) height by making sure that the number of Black nodes on every root to leaf paths are same and there are no adjacent red nodes. Balanced Binary Search trees are performance wise good as they provide O(log n) time for search, insert and delete.

A degenerate (or pathological) tree A Tree where every internal node has one child. Such trees are performance-wise same as linked list.

      10
      /
    20
     \
     30
      \
      40